China is ramping up efforts to roll out the digital yuan to the broader population, as the country’s technology giants like Alibaba and Tencent jump on board.
But there are challenges ahead and one particular question stands out: Will Chinese citizens — who already use two dominant mobile payment systems run by these same tech firms — begin paying with the digital yuan?
The People’s Bank of China (PBOC), the country’s central bank, has been working on the digital form of its sovereign currency since 2014.
Also known as the e-CNY, it’s designed to replace the cash and coins already in circulation. It is not a cryptocurrency like bitcoin, in part because it’s controlled and issued by the central bank. Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency that isn’t backed by any central banks or a single administrator.
China’s digital yuan is a form of central bank digital currency (CBDC) which many other central banks around the world are also working on — though the Chinese central bank is way ahead of its global peers.
To date, the PBOC has been piloting the digital currency via lotteries, and tens of millions of digital yuan have been handed out to citizens in a handful of cities in China.
Chinese authorities are now stepping up their ambition to expand the use of e-CNY to more citizens even though a nationwide rollout date has not been set.
“It feels to me like they’re now ready to push this out wider,” Linghao Bao, analyst at consultancy Trivium China, told CNBC.
Tech giants on board
Last week, the PBOC launched an app to allow users in 10 areas, including major cities Shanghai and Beijing, to sign up and use the digital currency.
The two dominant payment systems in China are Tencent’s WeChat Pay and Alipay, which is run by Alibaba affiliate Ant Group.
Perhaps the most significant push came on Thursday when Tencent announced that its WeChat messaging app would support the digital yuan. WeChat has over 1 billion users and is integral to daily life in China.
Alipay is also a partner for the digital yuan.
One potential challenge for the PBOC is getting people to download their new digital yuan app and switch from WeChat and Alipay. Hence, integration with WeChat is key and gives the e-CNY a potentially huge user base.
On Friday, e-commerce giant JD.com said that it would begin facilitating third-party merchants that sell on its platform to start accepting the e-CNY.
JD.com has been an early partner for the digital yuan and previously accepted it for payment on a few occasions. Now, it’s looking to expand that further.
Will people continue using the digital yuan?
While there are still unknowns over the technical make-up and other factors behind the digital currency, one of the more immediate questions is whether people will use the e-CNY regularly, even as the central bank tries to push for wider usage.
To use WeChat or Alipay for example, users just link their bank account to the app. But to use the digital yuan, users will need to sign up a separate app and link that to their WeChat or Alipay or use the digital yuan app.
“The big question we have is whether consumers are going to use this or not. To me, there is no strong incentive for consumers to switch [from their current systems],” Bao said.
“I don’t see any strong incentive because there is still friction to use digital yuan,” he said. “You have to download the app, sign up, then top up your wallet. I’m not sure consumers want to go through these extra steps.”
While the PBOC has used digital yuan lotteries to effectively hand out free money and get users on board, Bao questioned what will entice citizens to continue using the digital yuan after they’ve spent that money.
“How are you going to make people keep using the digital yuan?” he asked.
Beijing Olympics
China’s central bank previously stated its intention to make the digital yuan available to visitors to the Beijing Winter Olympics.
The venues for the 2022 Games in Beijing will be able to use the e-CNY app there. But overall, transaction volume is unlikely to match that seen by Alipay and WeChat Pay, according to Paul Triolo, head of the geo-technology practice at risk consultancy Eurasia Group.
“For the foreseeable future, even if there is an uptick at the Winter Olympics, the transaction turnover rate of the central bank digital RMB is likely to be very tiny in comparison to popular payment platforms WeChat Pay and Alipay,” Triolo said. The Chinese currency is also referred to as the renminbi, or RMB.
“However, over time, there may be some niche areas where the digital RMB could see greater use, such as paying certain types of government related bills, or for things like transportation, particularly if the central bank offers incentives like red envelopes and other inducements.”
Meanwhile, China’s so-called “zero Covid” approach has led to strict measures to try to stamp out the virus in China — that means very few foreign visitors will be attending the Winter Olympics in Beijing.
“Though the Olympics were originally viewed by Chinese authorities as a chance to showcase the potential use of the currency in an international setting, it is likely that few non-Chinese citizens will use the digital RMB wallet at the Games,” Triolo added.
The Games would have been the first real opportunity to see how the digital yuan will work for tourists and overseas visitors to China, but that opportunity is gone.
